Maybe they're the ones who taught the Taiwanese and South Korean MPs how to throw crap, rush the lecturn, and finesse a right hook.

Absolutely not -- Japan was never seen as a political model for anyone in Asia, and never actively promoted its own model. While democracy was promoted with effect by the US beginning in the 1950s, influencing a lot of people -- especially those who spent decades being branded and jailed as leftists and communists -- Japan was nowhere to be seen in this process. What Asian countries knew of Japan was its economic power and model. The early democracies -- South Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore -- owed nothing in inspiration to Japan. The others, well, the fact that they came later to democracy only demonstrates that they had to figure it out on their own.
And in fact, on the ground Japan was happy to benefit from the strongmen that ruled countries from South korea down to Indonesia, because they sought stability in business relationships based on connections to the top.

Someone got namechecked by "the Dean"....

Yeah, there's plenty of argument, if you only count the conservative right's attempt to post-rationalize "democracy promotion".

Look at Taiwan and South Korea, or the LDP in Japan; stability and prosperity come first, then democracy.

It could be argued that Japan is the political model in East Asia but not in the democratic tradition suggested in Pollack's essay. Japan's Constitution wasn't democratically established and it's current defense relies entirely on the presence (read: interests) of the U.S. It's an oligarchy with an untested democratic facade. See Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese Miracle (1982) and Japan: Who Governs? (1995). I think Chalmers wrote a recent article on TomDispatch related to this issue.

singapore is not a democracy.

Ah simply put no. Japan had a jacked up system until the electoral reform in 1994 that nobody in their right mind would want to follow. Basically each district elected 2-4 candidates and to win a majority parties would need to see multiple candidates win in many districts. Because candidates would not be allowed to attack each other by the party and as they were members of the same party and as such differed little in policy positions the only way to differentiate yourself and win was to build up patronage networks, most politicians had these organizations called “Koenkai” that would be giving out money left and right, funerals, weddings, etc… Representatives would be there with checks. And lets not get into the pork… Basically the corruption was mind blowing. This was not a system that seemed appealing to anybody, including the Japanese who kept on trying to reform it. Lots of this was covered up by the economic growth of course, and that’s what other nations copied.

The Bushies are exampling Kleptocracy not Democracy.
.

For most of the period in question Japan was not much of a democracy. It had single-party rule from 1955-1993, with all the corruption and corporate-government cronyism that implies, and unfair electoral districting meant that votes in conservative rural areas were worth five times those of urban votes. Even today, after redistricting, rural votes are worth three times urban votes.

Joe D,

Chalmers is full of it, the whole bureaucratic dominance theory is mostly garbage. It makes the assumption that the reason that the bureaucratic authored bills were always signed because the politicians were just the façade and the bureaucrats ran everything, that’s not true. The LDP actually has an internal parallel organization called “PARC” they would dictate what the bills would be, and would not let a bill even be proposed before it was written to their approval. In essence the bureaucracy was very subservient, and overtime just became an organ of the LDP filled with sympathizers.

the fact that both taiwan and south korea moved toward abandoning kleptocracy at almost precisely the same time (late 1980s) suggests something less nebulous than japan's influence "over a period of decades" as the major factor, if there was a common factor, which i doubt.

there's no mystery to south korea's move toward democracy: militant student and trade unionist protests against a military government, coupled with widespread middle-class support for the activists after the kwangju massacre. i think it would take a brave man to accuse a south korean of following japan's example in anything, let alone governance.

No, you're full of it, Lasky.

HA HA HA

Japan a democracy ?

HE HE HE

You ARE kidding aren`t you ?

Aren`t you ?

Democracy, sheesh !

"There is nothing worse than a sharp image of a fuzzy concept." - Ansel Adams

This is the most on topic, informational comment thread I can remember reading around here. Please, don't spoil it arguing about who's full of it!

snuh -- I'd suggest (as I think you do?) that Japan's influence was tangential. The progression was as always food, shelter, refrigirator, TV, etc. (stability and prosperity) and the ruling clique's ability or inability to provide or satisfy those concerns.

In some cases the inability or overt suppression of the ruling clique became the catalyst (e.g., Taiwan and Korea), but at some point even satisfaction of those material concerns become secondary to more abstract individual concerns, such as freedom of expression and rights (e.g., the later rejection of the LDP in Japan).

"Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery".
The great nations and colonizing powers had common characteristics evolved in competition with each other. It's easier to model an established pattern than create it from nothing.
The Bible thumpers will buy it : Christianity has been pushed for a while now and there could be as simple an explanation as that which had Israel make David a king. Tribes were passe then, kings were in.
Totalitarian governments are discredited with the Reich and U.S.S.R. going down the tubes.
Maybe we should tell the micromanagers in Washington : they obviously have no concept of delegating responsibility.

To what others have written, I would add that other Asian countries regard Japanese culture as quite different and exceptional. Nursing the memories of WWII, they aren't particularly eager to think of themselves as emulating it.

BUT, the important point is that even if some (perhaps AEI pseudo-) scholar did once suggest this, it's still all but certain that (the non-Farsi speaking, non-Arab speaking, non-Japanese speaking) Pollack just pulled it out of his ass. Even posing the question as Kevin did is giving Pollack the benefit of too much doubt.

If Japan is a model, it is a model of how to provide a facade of democracy while maintaining a one party system. In case you hadn't noticed the LDP only lost its absolute majority once since it was established in the mid-fifties and even then it was calling all of the shots from the back benches. They regained their majority in the very next election and have kept it ever since.
Oh BTW, the limit of vote descrepency for the upper house is just under 6:1 to this day. It's only in the more powerful lower house that the limit is 3:1.

Yep, there's a reason that Japan isn't a model of democracy for the rest of Asia: it's not much of a democracy! Sure, all the "forms" of democratic government are in place but it's pretty much of a sham.

Hmmm, come to think of it, the US system of government isn't exactly a model either. The process isn't as democratic as it could be (look at the electoral college) but there just isn't as much citizen interest in elections as there ought to be. Wonder if the electorate is feeling a bit detached from its government?

"There is nothing worse than a sharp image of a fuzzy concept." - Ansel Adams

To which I can only add:

"If we want a platitude, there's nothing like a definition" John Morley

Regarding definitions: Democracy can be defined as what the majority of people decide it is.

Japan = political model ?! Come to think of it, none of the democratic countries in south east asia aspires to be a full-fleged democracy, ala. USA. Managed democracy is more like it, i.e. one ever ruling majority political party, smaller other political parties subservient to the majority and a free market economy.

All wants the benefits from the free market economy but not the troubles/chaos brought forward by the democratic principles.

Got a good chuckle seeing Singapore described as a democracy. That will come as (government controlled) news to the people of Singapore. However, I would agree that while Japan has been an economic development model (most clearly in Korea) it has not been an democratic model at all. Both Korea and Taiwan, arguably the most developed democracies (fisticuffs aside) in Asia, both looked more toward the U.S. It is sadly ironic, though, that the U.S. is now moving toward the establishment of a Japanese style one party democracy. A fair arguement could be made that we are already there.

Pollack's argument is nice and simplistic. And wrong. East Asian countries did not copy Japan's political model. Economic model, yes. Political model, no. But anyone who transposes the Japan experience onto the Middle East has to be seriously self-delusional. Everything is different, the histories, cultures, people, religions, bureaucracies, educational systems, economies,...yikes, everything. Confucious/Buddhism/Shintoism meet Mohammad. Jesus, what a stretch. Ask Jim Fallows, he's an old Washington Monthly hand! He lived in Japan for a few years. Similarities between Japan and Iraq would be at the bottom of his list.

For a country that can't even come to grips with its own recent past, Japan is no full-fledged democracy. Given the latitude the extreme right-wing nationalists get in Japan, I would be wary of fully removing American forces from Japan. Taiwan and South Korea are far more vibrant democracies, and they should be held up as political models for Asia, and not Japan.

I fully agree about Taiwan and Korea being political models not only for Asia but elsewhere as well. Just as socialists argued that economic development must pass through feudal and capitalist stages before reaching true socialism and then communism, a fair argument can be made that developing countries need to pass through an authoritarian stage before reaching a democratic stage. All the Asian democracies (Japan excluded) have passed through this stage, some with more success than others. In Indonesia and Malaysia, Suharto and Mahatir, respectively, were able to exert authoritarian power to both develop the economies as well as suppress ethnic cleansing of Chinese minorities. Iraq would do well to follow this model and find a guy in a suit to exert control until the infrastructure for democracy is developed rather than the instant democracy neo con fantasy that is currently being tried.

Well, Pollack is kind of right, but not in the way he thinks. Japan served as a model for independence and people's rights movements for people across Asia... a century ago. From the intellectuals who fled China after the failure of the Hundred Days movement, to people like Ho Chi Minh, Japan and its rowdy participatory democracy were more than just a model -- they were in many cases the model. Unfortunately, this has nothing to do with war and occupation.

The lessons learned from post-war Japan were largely of a different sort. As someone pointed out above, the predominance of economic policy and the cartelization of leading economic sectors was a lesson taken to heart by leaders in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. In fact, it's not accurate to describe Japan as a one-party democracy during the second half of the 20th century, because local politics, especially in urban areas, saw a tremendous amount of diversity. Socialists frequently governed the major metropolitan prefectures: Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto. Moreover, grass-roots activity was common and well-accepted in areas like environmental and security politics. And if anyone watched the free air-time given to candidates for local office in Tokyo in the 1990s, they had to be impressed (and probably bewildered) by the variety of political parties represented.

As for Lasky's contention that the Political Affairs Research Committee (seimin chousakai) actually dictated policy, that's simply untrue for most cases. The PARC was woefully understaffed in comparison to the bureaucracy, the ministries were often independently powerful in political terms.

In fact, from the very birth of the LDP and throughout most of its period of LDP dominance, the ministerial elites provided a large number of high-profile LDP candidates (this started when Hatoyama Ichiro and many of his colleagues were purged by the U.S. Occupation authorities). Even when bureaucrat-politicians rose to positions of influence within the LDP (like Miyazawa Kiichi, on whom the first President Bush famously barfed), they still remained highly deferential to the bureaucrats.

This didn't make Japan undemocratic, it just made it differently democratic than the U.S., and only in a very loose sense a model for democracies in the region.

P.S. to Andy:

"coming to grips" with shameful incidents from the recent past can hardly be a yardstick for measuring democracy, because by that measure, almost every country on the planet fails to measure up. In East Asia alone, the People's Republic, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of China all fail your test. Of course, the same is true for most European countries (Turkey, Austria, Spain, England) and even for the Great White North and the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave.

Japan is a horrible comparison to Iraq.

The first is a homogenous ethnic, geographically isolated nation, while the second is the border of three drastically different ethnic groups, imposed upon to be a country by colonial powers.

It is simply insane to attempt to impose democracy anywhere, even more so in a country held together only by rank nationalism by a dictatorship favoring an ethnic minority.

If Japan is a kleptocracy, they seem to be on to something as far as finding a model that works. Ditto Singapore. Somehow or other Japanese industrialists seem to find a way to produce some darn good products (try to take my Toyota away from me.) I wish my children had attended Japanese style schools, actually. Maybe it's all latent Confucianism, still going like the energizer bunny after thousands of years. Or maybe it's all that good Scotch they consume.

Japan's remilitarization is interesting in that Japan has to find a way to staff a military in a society that has a falling birth rate and almost no immigration. Look to them to lead the world in robotic weapons systems, and very soon.

Lastly, if Japan has an equivalent of the CIA it must be pretty covert indeed. Probably it is indistinguishable from corporate intelligence and a little along the idea that every overseas Japanese national is an intelligence asset. And you thought all those cameras are only conspicuous consumption on the part of tourists!

Probably it is indistinguishable from corporate intelligence and a little along the idea that every overseas Japanese national is an intelligence asset. And you thought all those cameras are only conspicuous consumption on the part of tourists!

And as this 30 year old stereotype fades does this mean the intelligence services are being phased out too?

My apologies Mike Cook -- I guess it's too much time in Japan that causes me to have so little patience with stuff like this. I guess guffawing at the strange doesn't work when the strange becomes familiar.

Japan is hardly a kleptocracy - while its political parties are ranked as fairly corrupt by Transparency International: (a less corrupt ranking than Israel's but more corrupt than Norway), its business / private sector scores better (it's ranked not as clean as Finland or Canada but less corrupt than France, about on par with the U.S.).

But those that say the idea of Japan as a political model is crazy are correct. In many ways it's been a quasi-democracy. The vote in Japan has been much more of an indirect rather than direct lever on power. And in many ways Taiwan and Korea today are much more democratic than Japan (though Japan is absolutely moving in the right direction; there's been a tidal shift in people's perceptions of themselves vis-a-vis the goverment),

P.S. Andy, I meet very, very few educated Japanese who don't have a pretty clear view of what their country did in WWII. In general, I find Japanese much more willing to confront their country's history than are say, Americans. And listening to right wing politicians mouth off and taking this as a Japanese world view, would be like me taking American Hawk and Al as being representative of American public opinion.

Thanks snicker-snack,
That really needed said. Although I get the impression you don't get much chance to talk to people from the LDP heartland (you know --out in the sticks). For most out here WWII is a black hole between Pearl Harbor and Hiroshima. They have trouble excepting the depths of depravity that the military sank to in China and Korea.
And it's pretty funny hearing Americans getting on their high horse about the conduct of the Imperial Japanese Army when to this day the US is still violating its treaties with various native American tribes and flatly refuses to teach its children about the brutality of the Indian Wars and the appalling conditions of the prison camps it maintained well into the 20th century or the reservations delibrately kept in poverty to this day. Japan's longest reign of tyranny was its forty-some year occupation of Korea. That's nothing compared to 200 plus years of racially based chattle slavery or the nearly 500 years (1520's to 1910's) of barbaric invasions and pillaging that were the Indian Wars. The US is still compounding interest on those crimes. It's not that Japan isn't compounding on its conduct during the first half of the 20th century by dissing Chinese historical research and refusing fair and just terms of citizenship for its large Korean population, but when compared to the US or UK, it's past and current conduct are trivial by comparison.

A point against the current government in Japan is it has taken the 'flag burning' issue much further than any but the most rabid neo-nazi in the US would ever dream --they've made it illegal for a teacher to refuse to salute the national flag and sing the national anthem. The current furor over the Yasukuni shrine visits (while understandably offensive to Korea and China) isn't nearly as offensive as the demonization of Sitting Bull and veneration of Custer that was a mainstay in US history books and the historical plaques on the battlefield of Little Bighorn right up into the 1970's, nor is it as foul as the insistance of some GOP office holders on flying the confederate flag over government buildings.
Venerate war criminals? Abuse the victims of our past crimes? Not only have we been there and done that, but we practicly wrote the damn textbook on how to.

The Japanese, on average, are indeed largely ignorant of the details of Japan's war of aggression in Asia and the Pacific; HOWEVER, fifty plus years of history lessons that trained a microscope on the suffering and horror of nuclear war have established a deep appreciation for the horrors of all wars and that, my friends, is why more than 70% of the Japanese population is opposed to the deletion of the renunciation of war that is enshrined in Japan's constitution.

Keith got it right. The Japanese proved, and especially in 1941, that white skin did not make anyone a 'superman'.

And, strange to say, the Iraqis are proving now that an insurgency can win, even in a land that has very few trees.

Put a fork in it, it's done.

Ah, Keith said part of what I would say. The Meiji Restoration and the effort the Japanese put in to become Western and democratic was a model for lots of people in East Asia, including in particular, the Chinese republicans. Most of Japan's external behaviour between then and the beginning of WWII reflected the attempt to become the Britain Empire of East Asia. They had elections and crap tho.

They had a temporary interruption during the war (sorta like the US now, actually). Then when the US won and occupied Japan, the US effort towards changing Japan mainly consisted of demilitarizing the country, hanging some people, imposing a constitution (which was based if I remember correctly, on previous Japanese practice), and helping them reindustrialize to an extent.

They may or less returned to the system that existed before 1931. Sorta like the Germans returned to Weimar (President & Chancellor), more or less.

The model for Korea was the US and for the leftie types there, North Korea.

Taiwan, of course, was the Chinese Republic, however degraded, and the model there was the US as well.

The Phillipines are a special case, since we owned the country from 1898 to 1946, and destroyed the native revolutionary (free) government. The model there would be the US as well, which is probably why they didn't follow it for quite awhile.

There is no list of countries where the US imposed democracy, because the US has never successfully imposed (or I think, attempted to impose) a democracy. What we did in Germany and Japan was remove the existing non-democratic governments, and forcibly demilitarize those countries.

Why does anybody liten to this Pollack dude? When push comes to shove, he's always wrong.

ash
['Yeah.']

Although I get the impression you don't get much chance to talk to people from the LDP heartland (you know --out in the sticks)

That's a fair statement. I travel quite a lot (say 10-15 trips a year) to other cities and do get to the countryside for vacations but yeah, I'm smack dab in central Tokyo and as you know the cities have been pretty luke-wrm ground for the LDP for quite a while and if it weren't for votes in places like Shimane and Yamagata being given 4 to 5 times the weight of votes in Tokyo and Osaka, the LDP would have lost a number of elections.

P.S. add my voice to the chorus - I agree with Keith's assessment.

"Asian countries regard Japanese culture as quite different and exceptional. Nursing the memories of WWII, they aren't particularly eager to think of themselves as emulating it."

Absolutely. The idea that Japan was (and Iraq could be) seen as a 'model' for the region surrounding it assumes that those nearby nations have reason to identify with the 'model' countries. If they don't see themselves sharing a common identity, it probably won't assert any more influence on their democratization than any other democracy in the world.

The 'clash of civilizations' idea obliterates these divisions. Maybe all 'Asian' and 'Arab' nations seem kinda the same to Kenneth Pollack, but they probably would not agree with him.

The idea of pan-Muslim nationalism is something that Bin Laden, too, is seeking to promote. It's a part of his broader goal of uniting the 'Umma' with himself as its leader. Given the civil strife in Iraq, things don't seem to be going particularly well for this vision.

The U.S. has had troops in S. Korea for a long time. That was an international effort, in the day, with training sessions for Koreans and interaction.
I briefly worked for a retired Korean army officer who had decided to retire in North America. To say this fellow had a different viewpoint on work and trade than us would be the understatement of the week : yet there was enough common attitude between us that he would relax and speak plainly ( as opposed to issuing orders ). He was impressed as can be with Western practice while maintaining cultural norms. Enough of that going around would provide an effective example.

Far East Asians do not actually think like Westerners. They have a whole different paradigm.

See Roger Ames Introduction in "Sun-Tzu: The Art of War", Richard Nisbett "The Geography of Thought" and Edward T. Hall "The Hidden Dimension".

Also, the Confucianism in Far East Asian societies is not latent. It continues to be a potent, living, cultural force even among us hybrid Asian-Americans.

No Westerner can hope to understand Eastern culture without first becoming aware of the cultural water in which they swim and then realizing that not everyone in the world sees through such muddy water.

Gee, maybe Iraq will have as much success in converting Syria, Egypt, Libya, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran to democracy as Japan has had converting China and North Korea.

If Japan is the supposed model for democratizing a region and ending terrorism and the threat of nuclearization, conservatives need a radically new model.

And new brains to evaluate it.

But perhaps we should instead use Haiti and Cuba as models of how successfully a model of democracy like America can, when overseen by conservatives, operate to magically produce new democracies in a region.

Yeah, that's the ticket!

Most of East Asia can't forget Japanese imperialism (Taiwan was entirely occupied for 50 years, for instance). They are unlikely to see that country as a model of good behavior.

Anyone who thinks that Japanese politicians run the system hasn't worked in the Japanese government. I did, for five years. Spent another five years working in a Japanese corporation and being their representative to one of the quasi-gov't-corporate policy research groups which is really how legislation gets done in Japan. Let me tell you--

The only reason the LDP is considered "one" political party is because all the factions agreed to use the same name as an umbrella, with the rotation of positions such as Prime Minister among the factions. When the head of a faction dies, historically it's been possible for all the people underneath him to split away and form a new political party. Kozumi Junichiro has been quite unusual as a Prime Minister as having star appeal in his own right.

After five years studying East Asian political history and international relations, this is the first time I've ever heard it suggested that Japan was a political model for the other countries of the reason. It ain't so.

"The U.S. has had troops in S. Korea for a long time"

We (the U.S.) still have troops stationed in Korea. There have been huge protests there over a planned expansion of a U.S. military base that would require the destruction of a small town.

oops, read that incorrectly--my brain dropped the 'has.' Never mind.

rufustfyrfly: There have been huge protests there over a planned expansion of a U.S. military base that would require the destruction of a small town.

Just a small town? No biggie.

The Bush administration has destroyed a small country for expansion of US military bases in the Middle East while not even bothering to look for the massive stockpiles of WMDs that served as the pretext until the more goal had been accomplished - getting revenge on Saddam.

So, a small town is peanuts, not even worth mentioning.

Like the Islamic terrorists conservatives supported before the terrorists became inconvenient (like Noriega and Saddam himself), American conservatives like Bush will destroy anything and anyone that gets in the way of their lusts for power, wealth, and absolute control over the lives of their fellow human beings.

Wow. Sorry I missed this one. A lot of good posts.

I think one should begin this discussion with one’s opinion of Pollack. As he's been pretty much wrong about the Middle East, his supposed area of expertise (though I'm not aware that he speaks Arabic or Farsi), I'd say any attempt by him to make an analogy between Japan's inorganic and limp-wristed post-war embrace of democracy and representative government and what has or can happen in the Middle East is dead out of the gate. Ditto for Tom "the moustache of understanding" Freidman, but I digress.

Japan had a brief proto-democratic period during the Taisho era in the 1920s. Many things undermined this, among them the Great Depression. As someone above pointed out, though, Japan really wanted to be the British Empire of Asia, not the U.S., complete with its own version of a civilizing, elevating, and liberating "White man's burden." (Insert un-PC joke here.) However, Japan's rule of its conquered lands, particularly Korea, was completely unenlightened and often brutal. Taiwan seems to have suffered the least of the former "colonies."

Back to the point, Japan's post-war circumstances were unique and completely unpredictable. The U.S. had no plans to remain quite as involved in Japan militarily for as long as we have. The "fall" of China, and the Korean War changed the strategic thinking for the first decade after the war.

But even before this, as anyone soon learns after reading any of the histories of Japan's immediate post-war period, promoting Japan's "democracy" was, as the cliché goes, a process as distasteful to many people as making sausage. The establishment of Japan’s “democracy” resembles nothing so much as the labor strife in the U.S. from before the First World War up through the Great Depression.

Japan's traditions as a unified nation and culture are many centuries older than those of the majority of countries in the Middle East, most of which were cobbled together by European powers. Many of the cultural traditions, particularly those that came to dominate Japan from its medieval period (most notably hierarchal Confucianism) are not particularly well-suited to what Americans think of as democracy. On the other hand, a democracy like ours (in peril cough right wing coup harumph) could use a healthy dose of Japan's group ethic, which seems to be growing ever more tenuous as a readily identifiable cultural norm.

"Back in the day," when I was up to my eye brows in this stuff, I always thought that the best of all worlds would be a blend of Japan and the U.S., at least culturally. And while Japan has come to embrace a lot of the West in general and things American and British in particular, we seem only to have gotten as far as sushi.

JeffII: Thanks. And thanks to others who have posted on Japan from a less Western-centric world-view.

And though America has only gotten as far as sushi from the Japanese, it has also gotten martial arts from Bruce Lee and other teachers from China, Korea, and Japan and lots of Buddhism as well.

Easternization is happening, very quietly, but inexorably, the same way water turns boulders into sand.

I have worked with a few people who have lived in Japan and always tried to find out a bit about the place. It is just so different to any other country, including other Asian nations its always fascinating.

By all accounts, Japan is not really a democracy in the way we think of one. The politicians have never really had much power. Control of the country resides largely in the government bureaucracy and business elites, rather than parliament. Government departments are run pretty much independently of parliament by the bureaucrats themselves. The minister is a figurehead who would never dare to override the senior bureaucrats in his department and parliament would never dare hold funding back from them.

The whole legislative process and constitution in Japan are not really taken very seriously or seen as legitimate or all that important. This is in part because they were imposed from outside but also because the primary purpose of the Japanese legislative government is window dressing to make relations with Western nations easier. The Diet and cabinet are not really part of the decision making process in governing the country, although that is changing.

To an extent, the reason democracy "succeeded" in Japan is that the real Japanese elite made a concious decision to put up what is basically a sham democracy to get out from under the Americans after WWII. Its an indication of Pollack's cluelessness that he is unaware of this.

As far as other nations imitating Japanese democracy, well in a way it has happened. You cannot really imitate Japan's economic success without also adopting some of its political processes as well. The two are quite closely related. When Korea, Taiwan and China developed rapidly under what could be described as authoritarian capitalism, they were actually copying Japan politically as well as economically. The subsequent outbreaks of democracy in Korea and Taiwan don't really have anything to do with Japan.

The only democracy which is really inspired by Japan is that of Singapore. As alot of Singaporeans will tell you they have gone all the way and developed a sham democracy as well. They have done it for similar reasons to Japan but the Singaporean version works differently.

Sorry for long post, but its a fascinating topic.

Since when is "East Asia" a beacon of "democracy"?

Ask yourself these specific questions. I think you'll see how slippery the term "democracy" is in the popular pundit and administration usage.

Is Singapore more of a "democracy" than Iran?
Is China more of a "democracy" than Saudi Arabia?
Is Brunei more of a "democracy" than Qatar?
Is Thailand more of a "democracy" than Morocco?
Is Cambodia more of a "democracy" than Lebanon?
Is Vietnam more of a "democracy" than Pakistan?
Are the Phillipines more of a "democracy" than Algeria?
Is Japan more of a "democracy" than Tunisia?
Is Myanmar more of a "democracy" than Libya?
Is Laos more of a "democracy" than Egypt?
Is Indonesia more of a "democracy" than Turkey?

The idea that Japan and Germany had democratic traditions prior to their periods of occupation is an important one -- more important than the notion that post-war Japan helped spread democracy throughout East Asia. This was at the heart of a great deal of the planning for the occupation of Japan; you can even see references to it in wartime propaganda films like Frank Capra's "Know Your Enemy: Japan". Of course, Japan's occupation, even under much more favorable circumstances, lasted almost seven years!

The idea that Japan only needed to be put "back on track" to democratization also helped justify U.S. efforts to slow down on transforming its society after a couple of years of occupation, and start emphasizing economic and institutional rebuilding. Of course, this also coincided with the beginning of the Cold War, and the argument over whether this was a strategic change of direction (the "Reverse Course") or just a case of "Mission Accomplished" remains unsettled.

In any case, the limited rearming of Japan by means of the creation of the Self-Defense Forces, and the more significant rearming through the presence of tens of thousands of U.S. troops pretty much eliminated any possibility that Japan could serve as a democratic model for the rest of East Asia. If there were any doubts, they were erased when Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhiro declared Japan an "unsinkable aircraft carrier" for the U.S.

I'm not up on contemporary Japanese politics at the national and local levels, but I have to reiterate my claim that Japan has a pretty good history of democratic politics at the local level. This goes way, way back -- even before the Meiji emperor and Ito Hirobumi "gave" them their first constitution, groups of villagers sat around and drew up draft constitutions, and local assemblies had already been established before the national assembly (the Diet).

The pretty-close-to-brilliant The Japanese and Sun Yat-Sen showed, half a century ago, how strongly the Japanese influenced nascent peoples' rights movements in East Asia. There was also a substantial constituency that thought that Japan should not become an imperial power, but rather pursue a path of peace and prosperity: Japan as the Switzerland, rather than as Britain or Prussia. Of course, that didn't work out.

Moe brings up Taiwan, which is an interesting case. In many ways Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan was as progressive as their colonial rule in Korea was destructive. Back in the late 1980s, you could still meet older people in Taiwan who grew up under Japanese occupation, and compared it favorably to their current occupation by the Chinese Nationalists. (this also goes to the idea that the Republic of China, like the Japanese government and almost every other governing regime has a hard time honestly confronting shameful incidents from its past).

Most of East Asia can't forget Japanese imperialism (Taiwan was entirely occupied for 50 years, for instance). They are unlikely to see that country as a model of good behavior.
Posted by: Moe is me on June 1, 2006 at 11:43 AM |

It would be inaccurate to say the ROC has not honestly confronted its past. The main reason for the benign view of the Japanese occupation is that Nationalist occupation after WW II was so brutal by comparison. In fact, when the Nationalists arrived they were greated as liberators. However, after 2 years of misrule and corruption the island exploded with a rebellion and subsequent suppression known as the 2/28 incident (after the date 2/28/47. This gave birth to the Taiwan independance movement and the opposition party composed primarily of native-born Taiwanese. The independance movement was suppressed (brutally) until the mid 1980's when Chiang's son, Chiang Ching Kuo, began the slow process of democratization. The independance movement has become the Democratic Progressive Party and their leader is the current president of the ROC. 2/28 has become a national holiday, a day of remembrance for the brutal events not only of the original 2/28 rebellion but the following 40 year battle for democracy.

The main reason for the benign view of the Japanese occupation is that Nationalist occupation after WW II was so brutal by comparison.

Well, another reason for the Taiwanese view of Japanese occupation being more 'benign' than the Korean view, is that it was less brutal. Taiwan was run by the Foreign Ministry; the model for control was the British Empire. Korea was run by the army and was modelled on German colonial efforts. Not wanting to get into an argument comparing the British colonial effort to the German one. The point is that even among the Japanese colonies, there were different experiences. The experience was negative to different degrees.

In every town in Indonesia there are men who can tell you in infinite detail the prospects of Italian, English or Dutch soccer teams from tiny little towns in Europe from nightly TV programs showing whole games. In the same towns, the village women could discuss in detail the prospects of divorce or childbirth or what ever of Holly Wood movie stars.

I have never heard Japan mentioned as a model for anything social, cultural or political - business yes. My father in law would be happy to discuss the forced labor in WWII and how many Indonesians died in Thailand/Burma building rail roads and bridges but learning from the Japanese about democracy would only draw blank looks from 220 million Indonesians.

The other thing apparently missed in the cultural and political continuity of Indonesian society in all the various islands - especially the eastern islands. The names of the politically active families in, say, West Timor is about the same now as it was 400 years ago. The politics and the ideologies vary but the families remain the same.

Sukarnos and Soehartos (and their children) come and go but the local island society is incredibly resilient.

The only thing cultural from Japan that has influenced anyone in Indonesia recently might be comic books. It is an appropriate level for cultural exchange.

The area in Java wiped out by the recent earthquake has been the cultural center of Java for over 1500 years - no Japanese influence is apparent.

The only agricultural contribution from Japan that I have ever found in Indonesia over the past 35 years is the practice of planting rice in rows. Farmers in Java back in 1971 told me that during the Japanese occupation 1942/45, the Japanese would shoot dead farmers who did not transplant rice in rows. This is an example of Japanese agricultural extension and it is not a terribly popular model.

Japanese democracy as an export item is a ludicrous concept.

Bill ruscoe

Keith,

Difficult to paint broad-brush pictures like that. Let's not forget it was the Nationalists who gave up dictatorship and peacefully gave birth to democracy on Taiwan. Their model was the US. Most of the post-war generation that came into government in the 80s and 90s were educated at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, etc. -- they took home an appreciation for America that was indispensable in the construction of a democracy. Japan didn't really have much to do with it. It's true that President Lee (who orchestrated and won the first election) was educated in Japan, but this was a handicap when he was running; anti-Japanese ran high during that period. It is only in the past two decades that their economic and cultural influence began to be felt as something positive (and then mostly among young people).

Just an addendum to Moe's comment. In President Lee's generation (including independence stalwart Peng Min Ming) most were educated in Japan because their primary education was in Japanese. However in the case of both Peng and Lee they got their advanced degrees in North America (Lee at Cornell, Peng at McGill).

Moe, I'm not disagreeing that there Japan's colonial rule of Taiwan was, at best, a mixed blessing. It would be silly, however, to claim that there the island's population "can't forget Japanese imperialism" because it was unrelentingly harsh.

The fact is that the Japanese went out of their way to build institutions in Taiwan (rather than tear them down, as they did in Korea), and that their administration was in many ways much less heavy-handed than that of the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek. I don't think there was anything like the February 28 Incident, referred to by robertl above, while the Japanese were in charge.

Still, you're right that by the 1980s, Nationalist rule had softened considerably, and that had nothing at all to do with the influence of Japanese democracy.

Snicker-snack: the Japanese military wasn't initially in charge of Korea, but they certainly were during the last and worst period of Japanese colonial rule.

Petani bill:
The Japanese were overstretched by the time they reached the Dutch East Indies, and they lacked the manpower to occupy the islands as thoroughly (and as brutally) as they did mainland East Asia and peninsular Southeast Asia. As this book makes clear, the Japanese helped create the Indonesian militia that eventually forced the Dutch to give up their efforts to recolonize the islands, and forged personal links with many of the men who came to dominate business and politics in the early post-war years.

It's interesting to compare editorial comments on the death of the Showa Emperor from papers in Korea and China with those from papers in Indonesia and even Malaysia.

All this talk of democracy in Asia and no mention of the largest democracy, India, democractic since 1947? I would think India is more a model to smaller Asian countries than Japan is.

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