October 24, 2006
RAW DATA....I'm reading The Truth About Conservative Christians, by Andrew Greeley and Michael Hout, which is, by a good measure, the worst and most frustratingly-written book I've read in a long while. It's a sociological picture of conservative Christians based on statistical analysis of recent survey data, but for some reason the authors decided to keep tables and charts to a minimum in favor of tossing most of their numbers directly into the text. Since tables and charts are actually the least confusing way of presenting numerical data, this makes the book a real slog.

Still, there are some tables and even a few charts, and here's one of them. It shows voting patterns by religion and income, and Greeley and Hout present it as evidence that, in fact, class is still far more important than religion in America, despite the culture wars of the past couple of decades. It's true that conservative (white) Protestants vote for Republicans in greater numbers than other denominations, but their voting patterns are actually more sensitive to income than other groups. Among high-income CPs, about 70% vote Republican, a number that drops in half among the lowest-income group. This is a switch of nearly 35 percentage points, far larger than any other group.
I don't really have anywhere to go with this. I just thought it was interesting raw data. However, it does suggest that while Democrats probably don't have much chance of peeling off votes from higher-income evangelicals, they might have surprisingly good luck at using a primarily economic message to win votes from middle-income evangelicals, culture war or no. Food for thought.
—Kevin Drum 12:43 AM
Permalink
| Trackbacks
| Comments (68)
That is a really important point. You don't have to go anywhere.
Posted by: Charles on October 24, 2006 at 12:50 AM | PERMALINK
The upper and upper middle classes have traditionally been Episcopalian and Presbyrterian, not big box nondenominational.
Posted by: Hostile on October 24, 2006 at 12:53 AM | PERMALINK
Big-box non-denominationals are a fairly new phenomenon, aren't they? I'm not a Christian, but it seems to me that I started noticing them about 15 years ago.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:01 AM | PERMALINK
The upper and upper middle classes have traditionally been Episcopalian and Presbyterian, not big box nondenominational.
In the northeast and midwest, yes, but not the south and Sun Belt. That's where these churches are being built.
Posted by: Vincent on October 24, 2006 at 1:04 AM | PERMALINK
Well, I'm going to bed. Probably won't say any prayers, but I will sleep well none the less.
Goodnight all.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:07 AM | PERMALINK
I think it's missing a little something. Maybe you could overlay this with an IQ vs. income graph.
Posted by: Al on October 24, 2006 at 1:08 AM | PERMALINK
Not only am I not a Christian, I don't even play one on TV.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:09 AM | PERMALINK
Democrats can't win real Christians, because they support baby killing and grave robbing. So long as that doesn't change, the Democrats won't win elections.
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 1:09 AM | PERMALINK
Lets talk about that grave-robbing meme. here is a campaign commercial for ya -
The camera pans a living room where family members are oohing and aahing over a newborn. The doorbell rings, and an IRS agent enters, and presents the newborn with a bill for $30,000 - his share of the National debt.
Call it a birth tax.
And get over that grave-robber bullshit. you want to give Paris Hilton a tax cut. Not one small business and not one family farm has been lost to estate taxes. Not.A.Single.One.
As for "baby killers" - grow a fucking womb or shut the hell up. 'Kay?
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:13 AM | PERMALINK
Global Citizen-- You assume I'm not female because... why, exactly?
Anyway, your campaign ad is quite a chuckle. Unfortunately, e live in a difficult world. It's either that bill, or the entire family gets blown up by terrorists, ith the consolation that those terrorists didn't have those phone calls listened to.
Not a tough choice.
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 1:16 AM | PERMALINK
Anyway, your campaign ad is quite a chuckle. Unfortunately, e live in a difficult world. It's either that bill, or the entire family gets blown up by terrorists, ith the consolation that those terrorists didn't have those phone calls listened to.
Too funny AH. One can't be free and dead at the same time. Too bad liberals still don't realize that.
Posted by: Al on October 24, 2006 at 1:19 AM | PERMALINK
AH, Al, if you want to give yourselves over to fear, I can't stop you. But I ask that you step aside and let those of us with a clue about what it really means to be Americans get on with living our lives, salvaging our culture and rescuing our Constitution.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:26 AM | PERMALINK
And those 5000 fanatics who want to kill us all better get busy. They've got a lot of beheadin' to do.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:27 AM | PERMALINK
Global Citizen-- Nice ad hominen attacks.
We're not giving ourself over to fear, we're asking for some basic security measures. By your logic, having a police department is 'giving into fear'. Our culture is doing just fine, despite some support of gay marriage. And our constitution is fine; notice we stil have a very robust court system. Get off your moral high ground; we have reasonable disagreements.
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 1:30 AM | PERMALINK
Too funny AH. One can't be free and dead at the same time. Too bad liberals still don't realize that.
Posted by: Al on October 24, 2006 at 1:19 AM
Give me liberty or give me death.
Posted by: Patrick Henry on October 24, 2006 at 1:39 AM | PERMALINK
Patrick Henry-- I assume you support getting rid of the police? You'll have more liberty! And just because it means rapists, terrorists, and murderers running free.... well, those are just the chances we have to take. Right? Right?
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 1:40 AM | PERMALINK
Gonna hurt yourself jumping to conclusions like that.
The logistics of a successful effort against Americans on American soil isn't workable.
And yeah, I guess the Constitutionis doing okay - we still can hang onto that part about not having to quarter soldiers, so on balance we are fine, I guess.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:41 AM | PERMALINK
And by the way, I might get off my high-horse now and again, but I will Never abdicate the moral high ground.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:43 AM | PERMALINK
Carry on, troll-whackers. I'll see you tomorrow.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 1:53 AM | PERMALINK
...It's either that bill, or the entire family gets blown up by terrorists, ith the consolation that those terrorists didn't have those phone calls listened to.
Not a tough choice.
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 1:16 AM | PERMALINK
Conflation as usual.
We have the choice of pay as we go. This administration and house havew decided to burden the future with the cost of our today. The major partof which cost is accrued by a war of choice, not protection or necessity.
That's how we can tell you are Repugnuts not Republicans.
Second conflation:
No police + liberty. Actually the police are a service to society to control those who would intrude on the lliberty of those within out society.
Are you confusing lliberty with anarchy? Explain yourself.
Oh, and your taking it awfully personally, what with your family being the target. Wasn't it you a few weeks ago boasting about how safe you are in your community and it's all the East and West coast liberals who are going to get it first?
Well, you never did make sense.
Posted by: notthere on October 24, 2006 at 1:57 AM | PERMALINK
Whoops.
Should be "No police = liberty".
Posted by: notthere on October 24, 2006 at 1:58 AM | PERMALINK
We have the choice of pay as we go. This administration and house havew decided to burden the future with the cost of our today. The major partof which cost is accrued by a war of choice, not protection or necessity.
That's how we can tell you are Repugnuts not Republicans.
I'd be willing to raise funds with an equitable national sales tax. Will you join me?
Second conflation:
No police + liberty. Actually the police are a service to society to control those who would intrude on the lliberty of those within out society.
Are you confusing lliberty with anarchy? Explain yourself.
Similarly, no protection from terrorists = no liberty. If our restaurants are constantly blowing up, if our schools are getting shot up, if our food is tainted, it's impossible for a free society to function. We can argue about where to draw the line, but the notion that any anti-terrorism note is automatically completely destructive to liberty is a fantasy that only liberal bloggers have the luxury of indulging in.
Global Citizen-- Your post responding to mine makes no sense. WTF?
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 2:01 AM | PERMALINK
Oh, and your taking it awfully personally, what with your family being the target. Wasn't it you a few weeks ago boasting about how safe you are in your community and it's all the East and West coast liberals who are going to get it first?
Well, you never did make sense.
Missed this bit. No, you're thinking of somebody else. Or, alternatively, somebody spoofed my name and I didn't notice; that hapens fairly often here. I really wish Kevin would move to a registration system.
Posted by: American Hawk on October 24, 2006 at 2:02 AM | PERMALINK
It makes perfect sense if you know anything about the Constitution in the first place.
Some of us are a little pissed about constitutional abrogation and the suspension of Habeas Corpus when the constitutional criteria are not met. Article III is very specific about this.
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 2:07 AM | PERMALINK
To get back on point:
I'll read this graph as the wackier you are on religion and the richer you are, the greater correlation of voting for the party that is further away from social justice, equality of opportunity, or treating people as equals.
So, generally, the wackier and richer you are, the bigger the hypocisy and the less you take Jesus' teachings seriously.
Way to go, wackos!
Posted by: notthere on October 24, 2006 at 2:08 AM | PERMALINK
American Hawk --
No. National Sales Tax is a regressive tax. But more taxation in non-regressive way, sure. Better would be a responsible government that didn't overspend and pass our debt onto our kids.
Good. I'm glad we both agree the police and security agencies can handle this rather than killing thousands of innocents and wrecking our military and NG.
Posted by: notthere on October 24, 2006 at 2:15 AM | PERMALINK
I'm paraphrasing, but didn't Franklin say that anybody who is willing to give up their liberties for precieved secutity will and should obtain niether.
How is it that so-called conservitives(if that is what Republicans are still calling themselves)cannot see the short sightedness in the the policies that they endorse.
1) writing into law the the death of habeus corpus
2) erasing the seperation of church and state for political gain only.(all they really care for is power)
3) getting the country involved in a war of choice, (Afganistan was smart and justified in the beginning, until we left prematurely)
4) Spending worse than any Democratic administration could ever have dreamed.
5) refusing to raise the neccessary funds to cover the spending (even Reagan raised some taxes to offset some of his spending)
6) getting involved with personnel issues (see Teri Shrivo)
7) expanding the government (Medicare)
I guess that I just dont know how these current "Republicans" could have strayed so far from what I thaught were great Libertarian Ideals of Goldwater and the like
Posted by: benji on October 24, 2006 at 2:32 AM | PERMALINK
Yes, I know my writing is horrid this time of night
Posted by: benji on October 24, 2006 at 2:39 AM | PERMALINK
However, it does suggest that while Democrats probably don't have much chance of peeling off votes from higher-income evangelicals, they might have surprisingly good luck at using a primarily economic message to win votes from middle-income evangelicals, culture war or no. Food for thought.
Howard Dean voiced this conclusion three years ago. He really is one whacked out, crazy guy, no?
Posted by: James E. Powell on October 24, 2006 at 2:50 AM | PERMALINK
Like almost every other serious study, it shows that class is the main thing that matters in American politics (more sensitive studies usually find race being important, though less so, as well.)
Culture war issues work for the Republicans two ways: they make a little bit of different swinging people on the margins, and they do an incredibly good job of distracting Democrats from focussing on a coherent economic message, while the Republicans get their real base amped up with their clear economic message of handouts for the rich, all the time.
The Republicans whine so much about "class warfare", because they don't want the Democrats fighting it: they'd prefer they won by default, because they most certainly aren't avoiding class warfare.
Posted by: cmdicely on October 24, 2006 at 3:02 AM | PERMALINK
Kevin,
If anything, that graph conveys exactly how important religion is in American voting patterns. Every one of those trend lines cuts about in half from the $100K point to the
Posted by: Huh? on October 24, 2006 at 4:20 AM | PERMALINK
(got cut off for some reason...)
$20K point. Conservative Protestants fall more numerically simply because they have more room to fall -- a standard floor effect. On the other hand, look at any point on the x-axis, and you'll see that conservative protestants vote for Republicans about 4x more often than Afro-American Protestants. How does this show that class is more important than religion in voting patterns?!?!
Posted by: Huh? on October 24, 2006 at 4:23 AM | PERMALINK
Um, isn't race neither class nor religion?
Posted by: Kimmitt on October 24, 2006 at 4:57 AM | PERMALINK
I don't think this is suprising information at all. The Republican Party is the party of the wealthy. Period. Full stop. It has been since at least WWII and probably since Woodrow Wilson.
Any poor person who votes for the GOP, Christian or not, is a fool, since the GOP could give a flying fuck about their well-being.
Posted by: The Conservative Deflator on October 24, 2006 at 5:45 AM | PERMALINK
Ditto Conservative Deflator.
If the dems really gave a hoot about the middle class and poor in this country they wouldn't cower every time the repubs declare that the dems are trying to start class warfare. Well it is class warfare! I guess the dems are afraid of pissing off their wealthy supporters.
Lew
Posted by: lewk on October 24, 2006 at 6:03 AM | PERMALINK
The Republicans whine so much about "class warfare," because they don't want the Democrats fighting it: they'd prefer they won by default, because they most certainly aren't avoiding class warfare.
Posted by: cmdicely on October 24, 2006 at 3:02 AM
Trouble is, too many Democrats stupidly ignore "class warfare" as a tactic because they're afraid that it would lessen their appeal among upper- and middle-class elites, from which they get most of their campaign money. Economics isn't the issue -- abortion (oops, "choice" -- forgot to use the euphemism) is. As long as Dems are slaves to the Cambridge/Manhattan/Hollywood axis and don't embrace true populism, this will continue to be their Achilles heel.
Posted by: Vincent on October 24, 2006 at 8:49 AM | PERMALINK
Even though the trolls and the spammers got here hours ago... I'm reading now a book that I suspect complements the conclusions of this one--and may be easier to follow: Stephen Hart, What Does the Lord Require?: How American Christians Think about Economic Justice (1992; 2nd ed. 1996). Most of the polling and interview research was done in the late 1980s, but Hart argues that, while there are many religious reasons that Christians lean conservative or liberal, there's really no good predictor of which way individual Christians will lean. To say, for example, "John is a fundamentalist and reads the Bible literally, therefore he's a Christian conservative," is as likely to be a true statement as it is false. That may seem obvious. But real Christians are pulled in as many different directions as anyone else, by the same rhetorical forces; the monolithic claim on truth that Christian political leaders claim is often as much facade to grass roots Christians as it is to others.
Posted by: hermit greg on October 24, 2006 at 8:57 AM | PERMALINK
I haven't read all the comments, so maybe someone else has caught the obvious fallacy in your take-away.
The fact that high-income conservative protestants are much more likely to vote republican than low-income conservative protestants implies nothing about the efficacy of democratic attempts to peel off votes of one group versus the other. Maybe its much easier to get from 30 percent to 50 percent among the high-income group than it is to get from 45 percent to 55 percent among the low-income group. As a general matter, the more skewed a population's preferences, the easier it should be to peel away the marginal voter.
Posted by: Matt on October 24, 2006 at 9:05 AM | PERMALINK
If our restaurants are constantly blowing up, if our schools are getting shot up, if our food is tainted.
1. When was the last time a restaurant blew up from a terrorist bomb in the US.(outside of 9/11)
2. No one is shooting up our schools except our own strung out teenagers.(read Colombine, Dr. Dobson's state)
3. Tainted food - ok , so don't ever eat spinich again.
Posted by: LWordLover on October 24, 2006 at 9:21 AM | PERMALINK
bernie goldberg's "bias" is my pick for worst written book in the last few years...
Posted by: mr. irony on October 24, 2006 at 9:21 AM | PERMALINK
There is a way to tell whether religion or income plays a greater in vote choice, and eyeballing a graph isn't it. Come back with the stats if this is the point you really want to make.
Posted by: Aaron S. Veenstra on October 24, 2006 at 9:35 AM | PERMALINK
These national security NRA type christian Republicans are so concerned about killing Muslims in the Middle East so they won't have to kill them on the streets of the USA, they conveniently forget about the 25,000 people murdered with handguns in our country each and every year. Its all about God, Guns, and Gay killing with these holy conservatives.
Posted by: Liberal Forever on October 24, 2006 at 9:48 AM | PERMALINK
The Democratic party is sure spending a lot of money on this election to be the party of the little guy. I don't see any medium income candidates on the liberal end of the spectrum.
Who wants to elect people who promise to raise everyone's taxes?
I guess we will see in a few weeks how much people love their income.
Posted by: Orwell on October 24, 2006 at 10:02 AM | PERMALINK
Judging by that graph, the non-religious are more likely to vote Republican than religious African-Americans. That somewhat shoots a hole in Bill O'Reilly's theory of the "secular progressive." (Doesn't demolish it, just blows a hole -- not that he's that much of a theorist to begin with.)
Posted by: Grumpy on October 24, 2006 at 10:22 AM | PERMALINK
Let us assume the Democrats win this election. A safe assumption in my opinion, but an assumption none the less. What do you, not the elected Democrats, but you, intend to do to make sure the Democrats don't fall into the same trap of hubris as the Republicans (and the Democrats before them.) In short, what do you intend to do to demand a higher level of performance from newly elected Democrats?
Hummmmmm?
Posted by: Ron Byers on October 24, 2006 at 10:36 AM | PERMALINK
Grew up attending a Baptist church in the heartland. Vividly remember the more affluent who always sat in front, while the poorer sat towards the rear. There was very little association between the two groups.
In addition, the ladies of the Missionary Group, who tatted little things and collected for the missionarys doing the Lords work among the locals in Africa were incensed when the pastor invited a local African-American church to attend one of our Sunday morning services.
They would not even pass by and shake hands with any of the guests.
It was not long after this that a schism developed in the church and the more conservative affluent types broke off to form a new Southern Baptist church of their own.
However, I do think that the Democratic Party should spend more time in "Walk in the Water" and "Stay on the sunny side" settings. Believe it or not, there are still some good people there.
Come back LWPhil, where ever you are.
Posted by: thethirdPaul on October 24, 2006 at 10:40 AM | PERMALINK
Andrew Greeley is a sociologist and Jesuit Priest at Notre Dame. His academic work is usually pretty solid. On the other hand, he’s a “Spirit of Vatican II” refugee. A lot of his analysis may be Axe Grinding in the internal Catholic debate. As a liberal he has a stake in confronting the idea that religious voters have abandoned the Democratic Party across income lines. This idea (fact?) has been used by the right in representing conservatism/republicans as the authentic party for the moral minded.
Posted by: Fitz on October 24, 2006 at 11:22 AM | PERMALINK
"The Truth . . ." is one of the year's more informative political books. Kevin Drum zeroes in on its most important point, but it has many others. However, while I agree that its sparsity of charts and graphs is a mistake, "worst and most frustratingly-written" is an overstatement. It's stodgy and somewhat repetitious, but really not that bad. It would be a shame if Drum's hyperbole discouraged potential readers.
Posted by: penalcolony on October 24, 2006 at 11:26 AM | PERMALINK
Wealthy conservative Christians think that God blessed them personally with wealth, because of their righteousness. NO WAY to counter that BS. They will NEVER vote for a party that does not hate gay people and women.
The poorer Christians actually remember the message of Jesus, don't store up treasures on earth, give all away and follow me, etc...
While poor conservative Christians hate gays too, I think they might understand that getting decent health care and education for their families might be more important that marginalizing gay people.
Posted by: lilybart on October 24, 2006 at 11:36 AM | PERMALINK
"While poor conservative Christians hate gays too"
I guess this makes you feel like a helpless victim or helpless victim supporter?
Vanity is the Devils favorite sin.
I though there was something about loving the sinner and hating the sin?
Posted by: Fitz on October 24, 2006 at 11:44 AM | PERMALINK
Dear God,
Thank you for this day, thank you for the happiness and work and play. Thank you for the angels bright, and keep me safe from bin Laden and mushroom clouds.
And God bless the Unitary Executive.
Posted by: Courtier on October 24, 2006 at 11:58 AM | PERMALINK
Another point is the bump at the second from the right side of the chart at about $80-90,000. That seems to be where a lot of people change their perspective.
Posted by: cld on October 24, 2006 at 12:06 PM | PERMALINK
If the Democratic Party ever does have a "Walk in the water" moment with christians, could they please do so at some length in 2007, 09, 11, 13, etc. Please stop the September to the first week in November moments in election years.
Of course, the Pubs seem to promise them much during the same election time frame with very little follow through in the off years.
Could lead to someone wanting to start a Holy Christian Empire of their own.
Posted by: thethirdPaul on October 24, 2006 at 12:13 PM | PERMALINK
Did I just see Left Wing Phil? Be still my heart! I have missed you so!
Posted by: Global Citizen on October 24, 2006 at 12:36 PM | PERMALINK
If you take basic day to day racism in this country and then add in the various Catholic Archbishops and evangelicals calling it a sin to vote for prochoice politicians, what you have is a toxic starting base.
Add in the billionaire money laundering operation spreading money around the Republican media machine and the brew is complete. The middle class will not hear about the economic warfare being waged against them and will stay confused about the carefully constructed economic illusions thrown at them every day. Until the system collapes entirely.
Posted by: underseige on October 24, 2006 at 12:41 PM | PERMALINK
Is it not correct that Clinton signed (and promoted) NAFTA.
What ever dislocation is occuring amoung the middle class is a result of cheap third world labor beget by the modernazation of countries like China & India.
I have yet to see any actual Democratic plan that addresses this. Its just more class resentment, bilk the rich- that never works for them.
Posted by: Fitz on October 24, 2006 at 12:58 PM | PERMALINK
fritz...
"It's class warfare, all right. And my class is winning." - Billionaire Warren Buffet
his buddy billionaire bill gates agrees...
Posted by: mr. irony on October 24, 2006 at 1:10 PM | PERMALINK
How many jobs have those two created?
And both have gotten together and given billions to charity. (you think the government would spend it better?)
Rich in democratic parlance doesn’t mean Billionaire it means 60 K or above in a family with two earners.
Posted by: Fitz on October 24, 2006 at 1:15 PM | PERMALINK
orwell...The Democratic party is sure spending a lot of money on this election to be the party of the little guy.
according to an article read on cspan's washington journal this morning...(don't remember the paper)
gop has raised and outspent the dems...2-to-1
gop has spent 200-million so far...this cycle.
dems are no where near that..
Posted by: mr.irony on October 24, 2006 at 1:16 PM | PERMALINK
Maybe this is the point of the book, but it looks like we're berating working-class red staters a little too much for voting stupidly, "contrary to their interests." In fact, conservative Protestants who aren't rich seem to be voting for Democrats in large numbers.
Posted by: rabbit on October 24, 2006 at 1:50 PM | PERMALINK
"It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven."
That really does explain it all.
Posted by: MNPundit on October 24, 2006 at 1:52 PM | PERMALINK
EJ Dionne gave an interesting paper at Brookings on this and related issues (PDF):
http://www.brookings.edu/comm/events/20060926.pdf
Posted by: smintheus on October 24, 2006 at 3:58 PM | PERMALINK
I think you'll find that pound-for-pound rich evangelicals tend to have a much higher asshole index.
Take Thomas Kinkade, Billionaire cheesey painter conservative Christian who likes to scam his employees: "Most of my clients got involved with Kinkade because it was presented as a religious opportunity," Yatooma said in a phone interview. "Being defrauded is awful enough, but doing it in the name of God is really despicable." http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2006/092006/09212006/220020
Or ultra pugnacious conservative Christian Paul Weyrich.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weyrich
Or gold, diamond and racehorse loving Pat Robertson.
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pat_Robertson#Gold_and_Diamonds_and_Mr._Pat
Or the pyramid scheme scamming Christian billionaire Mary Kay of Mary Kay Cosmetics.
http://marykaysucks.wordpress.com/
Or - well you get the picture.
Who wants 'em?
Posted by: No on October 24, 2006 at 5:29 PM | PERMALINK
All this talk makes me pine for Amy Sullivan's terrible political / basketball commentary. Where is our favorite little bible thumper, anyway? She left to "write a book" but I haven't seen anything. Looking forward gleefully to the poor reviews, actually. Anyone know what up?
Posted by: Pat on October 24, 2006 at 8:28 PM | PERMALINK
I think it's missing a little something. Maybe you could overlay this with an IQ vs. income graph.
http://zzui.info/sitemap.htm
Maybe this is the point of the book, but it looks like we're berating working-class red staters a little too much for voting stupidly, "contrary to their interests." In fact, conservative Protestants who aren't rich seem to be voting for Democrats in large numbers.
Posted by: Calo Bob on October 25, 2006 at 5:21 AM | PERMALINK