January 13, 2010
ROBERTSON BLAMES HAITIANS.... This morning, I noticed that Adam Serwer predicted, in the wake of the devastation in Haiti, that it was only a matter of time before someone suggests "things would have been better if the French hadn't been expelled."
On the "700 Club" today, radical TV preacher Pat Robertson took that idea and went much further.
"[S]omething happened a long time ago in Haiti, and people might not want to talk about it. They were under the heel of the French. You know, Napoleon the third, or whatever. And they got together and swore a pact to the devil. They said, 'We will serve you if you will get us free from the French.' True story. And so, the devil said, 'Okay it's a deal.'
"And they kicked the French out. You know, the Haitians revolted and got themselves free. But ever since they have been cursed by one thing after the other. Desperately poor. That island of Hispaniola is one island. It is cut down the middle on the one side is Haiti, on the other is the Dominican Republic. Dominican Republic is prosperous, healthy, full of resorts, etc. Haiti is in desperate poverty. Same island. They need to have and we need to pray for them a great turning to God and out of this tragedy I'm optimistic something good may come."
And at that point, Robertson encouraged viewers to contribute to his international "charity," so he can help respond to the suffering.
We're talking about a still-unfolding catastrophe that may have killed literally hundreds of thousands of people. Robertson sees this and blames the people of Haiti for the earthquake.
This is, by the way, the same Pat Robertson who, on Sept. 13, 2001, blamed Americans for 9/11.
Some people really are beneath contempt.
In the larger political context, it's worth remembering that Robertson remains a leading figure in the conservative movement and a prominent Republican voice, despite being insane. Even after Robertson blamed Americans for 9/11, GOP officials and candidates continue to appear on the "700 Club," and seek out Robertson's support, as if this crazed TV preacher need not be excluded from polite company.
Update: Steve M. reminds me that Bob McDonnell (R) will take the oath of office as Virginia's governor this weekend -- and he wants Robertson to attend. McDonnell, of course, is a graduate of Robertson's right-wing college.
—Steve Benen 2:50 PM
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On the plus side: For once, he didn't blame something bad on teh gays.
Okay, joking aside: The man is pure evil. Many, many innocent people lost their lives because of a natural disaster. A just and righteous god would smite Robertson for trying to make christianist capital out of that.
Posted by: K in VA on January 13, 2010 at 2:55 PM | PERMALINK
So will Robertson blame Katrina's aftermath on our declaring independence from Britain? I guess it's worth it, to get GW Bush (instead of King George) off the hook.
tyrannogenius
Posted by: Neil B on January 13, 2010 at 2:56 PM | PERMALINK
Wow, I did not know Napoleon the third was emperor in 1804! Learn something new every day. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti#Haitian_Revolution).
Posted by: David Margolies on January 13, 2010 at 2:57 PM | PERMALINK
Didn't he blame Katrina on teh Gay and general moral decay in NO? It is the height of religious fraud that he is any kind of pastor.
Posted by: Richard Wang on January 13, 2010 at 3:00 PM | PERMALINK
There really is no such thing as "too vile" for the religious right, is there?
Posted by: DH Walker on January 13, 2010 at 3:00 PM | PERMALINK
I hope Republicans continue to appear on his show, so we can run ads focusing on their support of him.
Posted by: bdop4 on January 13, 2010 at 3:01 PM | PERMALINK
"You know, Napoleon the third, or whatever."
What a beautiful phrase.
Posted by: Kyle on January 13, 2010 at 3:04 PM | PERMALINK
Gee, how come good Christians like Robertson haven't long since gotten the Haitians to renounce their deal with the Devil and become good Christians, if that's such a true story? What have they been doing for the last 200 years, abandoning all those poor souls instead of leading them to the Light? Shameful.
Maybe they should send Brit Hume down to help them figure it out?
Posted by: biggerbox on January 13, 2010 at 3:06 PM | PERMALINK
I went straight from reading coverage of the earthquake to this. Truly horrible. What a country that tolerates someone like this, and I don't mean Haiti.
"True story?" The actual true story is far more interesting than this, even including Robertson's devil. He's right about one thing: Haiti has been shunned and victimized by the other nations of the world ever since, not for a devil deal but for the unpardonable crime of being an independent black nation that pulled off a successful revolution.
Is it a mess? Oh yes. Has all the meager progress made since the days of Papa and Baby Doc been wiped out? Oh yes. Is this something to gloat over, then exploit? Only if you're on the level of Pat Robertson. If there's a positive side to this bigotspeak, it just shows you the benefits of homeschooling in history.
Posted by: ericfree on January 13, 2010 at 3:07 PM | PERMALINK
"In the larger political context, it's worth remembering that Robertson remains a leading figure in the conservative movement and a prominent Republican voice, despite being insane."
No offense, but Robertson carries about as much political weight as Dan Quayle. Robertson is an idiot, who in my opinion has lost his mind, seems to rake in a lot of cash, but no one is Washington is taking his calls.
Posted by: ScottW on January 13, 2010 at 3:07 PM | PERMALINK
Wow, I did not know Napoleon the third was emperor in 1804! Learn something new every day. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti#Haitian_Revolution).
You really can't expect Robertson to get the past right. He can't figure out the present.
Posted by: LogopolisMike on January 13, 2010 at 3:09 PM | PERMALINK
funny they are 80% Catholics...wonder which idea of a God they believe in?
Posted by: FrankV on January 13, 2010 at 3:09 PM | PERMALINK
No offense, but Robertson carries about as much political weight as Dan Quayle. Robertson is an idiot, who in my opinion has lost his mind, seems to rake in a lot of cash, but no one is Washington is taking his calls.
From your lips to God's ears...
(You know I really didn't to phrase my relief that way as a joke,..but since it was the first thing that popped into my head when I read this comment, I had to post it.
Posted by: LogopolisMike on January 13, 2010 at 3:13 PM | PERMALINK
This is something I've never worked out. If one buys into the Christianist line, God controls everything. So God sends a huge earthquake that kills hundreds of thousands of the poorest and most wretched people on earth, and Robertson's best suggestion for them is to turn to the same God that just destroyed them?
I've just never been able to get my head around this kind of thinking. Probably never will.
Posted by: Curmudgeon on January 13, 2010 at 3:19 PM | PERMALINK
funny they are 80% Catholics...wonder which idea of a God they believe in?
As any good born again Baptist will be happy to explain, Catholics are NOT Christians. They worship Saints (who are 'dead people'), they have idols, many of their rituals are evil etc etc etc.
Posted by: thorin-1 on January 13, 2010 at 3:20 PM | PERMALINK
Robertson remains a leading figure in the conservative movement and a prominent Republican voice, despite being insane.
You write that as though being insane were a disqualification rather than a prerequisite for membership in the Republican Party.
Posted by: Lucia on January 13, 2010 at 3:21 PM | PERMALINK
Ran the debugger on your copy Steve...
And at that point, Robertson smiled smugly and encouraged viewers to contribute to his international "charity," so he can help respond to the suffering.
Posted by: Comment debugger on January 13, 2010 at 3:29 PM | PERMALINK
Robertson's dogma has greatly perverted his self-perceived sense of faith! Too bad he appeals to the spiritually weak since they are so willing to serve as his minions of evil! -Kevo
Posted by: kevo on January 13, 2010 at 3:32 PM | PERMALINK
The DR is prosperous? Maybe in the only area lying Pat has been to - the resorts - but taje a walk around the island, and it is little better than it's neighbor.
Posted by: Stetson Kennedy on January 13, 2010 at 3:33 PM | PERMALINK
So the French, even among nutso conservatives, are good for something? Does racism trump all, and the even the despicable French are better than black folks? Better even than the children's children of those black folks who supposedly made deals with the Devil? Aren't lunatics supposed to get treatment?
Posted by: SF on January 13, 2010 at 3:34 PM | PERMALINK
So, Robertson is siding with the French Catholics on this one?
Those devil-worshipping Haitians could learn a thing or two from Robertson--he's got a whole army of mindless zombies following him and paying for whatever snake oil he happens to be selling.
Posted by: Allan Snyder on January 13, 2010 at 3:36 PM | PERMALINK
And of course, we godless heathens in California are at "fault" for the San Andreas...
Posted by: MissMudd on January 13, 2010 at 3:39 PM | PERMALINK
"And of course, we godless heathens in California are at "fault" for the San Andreas..."
MissMudd .... it's because of "Gay Marriage," you know. Didn't Robertson actually blame a California earthquake on Teh Gays?
Posted by: eeyore on January 13, 2010 at 3:46 PM | PERMALINK
If there is such a thing as hell, then Pat Robertson has a special place reserved. After all, doesn't the bible say something about those who use their power to lead men astray are do for some extraordinary hurt?
Posted by: citizen_pain on January 13, 2010 at 3:47 PM | PERMALINK
[S]omething happened a long time ago in Haiti...they got together and swore a pact to the devil. They said, 'We will serve you if you will get us free from the French.' True story. And so, the devil said, 'Okay it's a deal.'
It is simply mind-boggling that an influential public figure in the United States in the 21st century is uttering superstitious drivel like this on television without shame. It's equally as stunning that there are millions of yokels who will line up to believe and defend lunacy like this. Certainly the shadow of the 14th century is a long one.
Haitians were slaves that threw off the yoke of French slavery. Robertson thinks it would have been better had that never happened? Or is as ignorant of history as he is of theology?
Posted by: trex on January 13, 2010 at 3:48 PM | PERMALINK
Here's another Pat Robertson gem: "Just like what Nazi Germany did to the Jews, so liberal America is now doing to the evangelical Christians. It's no different. It is the same thing. It is happening all over again. It is the Democratic Congress, the liberal-based media and the homosexuals who want to destroy the Christians. Wholesale abuse and discrimination and the worst bigotry directed toward any group in America today. More terrible than anything suffered by any minority in history."
Jambing a .38 into this guy's mouth and dry firing it a few times would not even come close to the justice this lunatic deserves (oops. just kidding--anne coulter humor).
Posted by: bobbyp on January 13, 2010 at 3:49 PM | PERMALINK
Robertson is an idiot, who in my opinion has lost his mind, seems to rake in a lot of cash, but no one is Washington is taking his calls.
As long as he makes other Republicans like Huckabee and Palin look less insane by comparison, he's doing his part. Don't think for a second that envelope-pushing isn't a widely-understood practice.
Posted by: DH Walker on January 13, 2010 at 3:49 PM | PERMALINK
I've been in the Dominican Republic and seen the poverty there. In spite of the clusters of resorts the poverty there rivals the poverty in Haiti.The health situation is so dire that my Doctor goes there every year for two weeks with a group of other medical professionals to dispense what medical care they can provide in a two week stay. They understand that after they leave even the most minimal medical supplies and treatments are impossibly expensive and out of the question for their patients.
Posted by: Judith on January 13, 2010 at 3:56 PM | PERMALINK
More folks should know that Pat Robertson's father was one of the last Jim Crow Democrats: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson
Posted by: theAmericanist on January 13, 2010 at 4:00 PM | PERMALINK
This would be the same Pat Robertson who as a young Marine 2nd Leutenant had his dad, the Senator, pull strings so he could duck combat in Korea? Who instead of combat ended up as the "liquor supply officer", making weekly flights from Japan to Korea carring dispatches and bottles of booze?
Posted by: J. Frank Parnell on January 13, 2010 at 4:00 PM | PERMALINK
Based on what I'm finding out about Haiti's population, over 95 percent of Haitians are affirmed Christians - mostly Catholic. To a Unitarian like myself, there's no difference between Protestant and Catholic: a follower of Christ is a Christian, period.
Congratulations, Mr. Robertson (I shall not call you Rev.). You just pissed on your fellow Christians. You must be... so thrilled.
Posted by: PaulW on January 13, 2010 at 4:13 PM | PERMALINK
Gosh, maybe if we hadn't kicked the British out we'd have a decent health care system today.
Posted by: Saint Zak on January 13, 2010 at 4:16 PM | PERMALINK
What the Hell is he talking about?
This was an earthquake dude, no god had anything to do with the shifting of the Earth's crustal boundaries.
In one fell swoop, Pat is trying to diminish the vastness of this human catastrophe.
What an absolute jerk.
Makes aetheism seem heavenly, don't it?
Posted by: Tom Nicholson on January 13, 2010 at 4:17 PM | PERMALINK
It is a little known fact in construction that you can substitute prayers for rebar in earthquake proof homes. Enough prayer done at the right time while the foundation is still setting can net you structural improvements able to withstand up to a richter level of 8, though these being Catholics, 7.2 is more likely the limit.
Posted by: inkadu on January 13, 2010 at 4:23 PM | PERMALINK
Pity-Pat Robertson is going to be very, very, very surprised when he shows up at Heaven's Gate and finds Jesus is a black man. He's going to be even more surprised when Jesus asks him what did Pat do for the least of this brothers? Pat's going to stammer and look sheepish and Jesus is going to say, "Not a damn thing m***a-f****r!"
Next stop, the really warm place.
Posted by: Darsan 54 on January 13, 2010 at 4:30 PM | PERMALINK
So this religious fundamentalist extremist blames gays for the attacks on 9/11, instead of the religious fundamentalist extremists who perpetrated them.
And this God-fearing Christian blames the natural disaster Hurricane Katrina [an act of "God"] on gays instead of on nature ["God"] itself.
And now he blames Haiti's abject poverty on a pact with the devil, instead of on the horribly corrupt and greedy thugs who've been running the place.
That could only mean that Pat Robertson is also a corrupt and greedy thug.
Posted by: chrenson on January 13, 2010 at 4:31 PM | PERMALINK
As Margolies points out above - Robertson doesn't even have his history right. It wasn't Napoleon the Third, it was Napoleon Buonoparte(the First!) that the slaves rebelled against.
And how very very Christian of Robertson - Haiti is the only nation in the world born of a slave revolt. Does he feel that overthrowing slavemasters is only possible with apact with the devil?
Posted by: g on January 13, 2010 at 4:33 PM | PERMALINK
"I've just never been able to get my head around this kind of thinking. Probably never will.
Posted by: Curmudgeon on January 13, 2010 at 3:19 PM | PERMALINK"
It's like Battered Wife Syndrome, maybe.
Posted by: steve s on January 13, 2010 at 4:34 PM | PERMALINK
Seriously, though, I've read the bible. Including the old testament.
It's a story about an evil space monster who terrorizes Earth, basically.
Posted by: steve s on January 13, 2010 at 4:36 PM | PERMALINK
"They were under the heal of the French. You know, Napoleon the third, or whatever. "
Damn, that and the devil worship already commented on.
What an ignorant, evil little man Pat Robertson is.
Posted by: Lance on January 13, 2010 at 4:37 PM | PERMALINK
If that prick, Robertson ain't careful, all those Haitians will pile tons of voodoo on him.
oh, and as to Haitians being Catholic and Catholicism being the whore of Babylon to the evangelicals... Not always. VA's smarmy Taliban McDonnell is Catholic too and the two get along just fine. But McDonnell is white, blue eyed and blond (if somewhat dishwater-blond) and Haitians aren't.
Posted by: exlibra on January 13, 2010 at 4:51 PM | PERMALINK
Thank God I'm an atheist. . .
Posted by: DAY on January 13, 2010 at 4:54 PM | PERMALINK
No offense, but Robertson carries about as much political weight as Dan Quayle. Robertson is an idiot, who in my opinion has lost his mind, seems to rake in a lot of cash, but no one is Washington is taking his calls.
Unfortunately, they do take calls from Robertson and his Chritian Broadcasting Network. With the exception of McCain, all the GOP suspects (Palin, Romney, Giuliani, Huckabee, Brownback, etc.) went on Robertson's show in the run-up to the election.
On our side, Hillary and Howard Dean (in 2006, when he was still DNC Chair) have both been on.
And Obama sat down for four interviews in 2008.
It sucks, but Robertson and his CBN are players in the DC beltway.
Posted by: Dwight on January 13, 2010 at 5:03 PM | PERMALINK
I'll skip commenting on the blatant racism, smug affirmation of slavery and general lack of any kind of fucking decency and point out that his arguments don't even stand up on their own twisted merits.
If he's taking a swipe at Catholicism, he might remember that the French he admires so much were mighty Catholic as well, which is, you know, why Haitians today are Catholic.
If he thinks the DR is still occupied by Spain, he might want to look that up.
If he thinks the DR doesn't suffer from its own desperate and widespread poverty, with all those American pedophile-catering "resorts" funneling major profits into a very few hands, many of them outside the DR, he might want to...
Oh, what's the use? I can't even get angry. It's so much easier to cry at the unspeakable multiple evils contained in his comment.
Posted by: shortstop on January 13, 2010 at 5:10 PM | PERMALINK
Make that "Christian", not "Chritian".
Although "Chritian", as in "cretin" may still be appropriate when discussing Robertson.
Posted by: Dwight on January 13, 2010 at 5:14 PM | PERMALINK
Actually Martinque and one other colony did not violently overthrow France and they are doing much better.
Basically the potential trouble of a successful slave revolt is what sealed Haiti's doom. Not only were other powers leery, the slaves themselves didn't know much about country building so there was a lack of expertise.
That said, I read an interesting story where the fighters who threw the British out of Aiden are lamenting it, regretting it and openly wishing the British were still in charge.
Posted by: MNPundit on January 13, 2010 at 5:19 PM | PERMALINK
What, Robertson didn't blame Obama for the disaster? Or is "the devil" a Christian code word for "Obama?"
Hey, didn't Hugo Chavez call Obama "the devil" at the Copenhagen climate change conference recently?
Posted by: pj in jesusland on January 13, 2010 at 5:25 PM | PERMALINK
Who are those fools who make fun of Pat when he says,
"[S]omething happened a long time ago in Haiti...they got together and swore a pact to the devil. They said, 'We will serve you if you will get us free from the French.' True story. And so, the devil said, 'Okay it's a deal.'"
He happens to have the whole event on film, shot by Napoleon Whatever's kid. So cut out mocking him or you'll look silly.
Crankily yours,
The New York Crank
Posted by: The New York Crank on January 13, 2010 at 5:30 PM | PERMALINK
"the potential trouble of a successful slave revolt is what sealed Haiti's doom..."
Not so. It wasn't the POTENTIAL -- it was the real thing.
Toussaint-Louverture led the ONLY successful slave revolt in history. Nobody else ever succeeded -- not Spartacus, not Nat Turner nor Denmark Vessey.
Toussaint not only won, he laid the foundation for prosperity on Santo Domingo, e.g., a trade agreement with the new USA. The deal was negotiated by Alexander Hamilton and repudiated by Thomas Jefferson as soon as he became President: a successful slave revolt was not exactly popular in several of the ostensibly United States.
Napoleon negotiated a peace treaty with Toussaint, who agreed to withdraw from political life provided France kept its vow not to re-instate slavery. Napoleon double-crossed him, re-instating slavery as well as capturing and killing Toussaint.
God help Haiti -- dig deep.
Posted by: theAmericanist on January 13, 2010 at 5:45 PM | PERMALINK
I love how the Dominican Repulic is prosperous and healthy because it's "full of resorts, etc."
They've got a booming tourist industry. Limbaugh can go there on vacation and buy pina coladas, oxycontin, and little boys cheap so, they must be livin' in the light of the Lordah!
Posted by: Winkandanod on January 13, 2010 at 6:02 PM | PERMALINK
Funny...I thought that Haiti's biggest problem was its pervasive and insanely devout brand of Christianity. The kind that kills the human spirit by insisting that only God's grace, and not personal endeavor, will improve earthly conditions. The result is a populace largely devoid of education and innovation, and a nation without the infrastructure to sustain itself, especially in light of the fact that it seems to be ground zero for natural disasters.
I suspect a country full of true believers, meek and pliant, would ordinarily earn high praise from Our Lady of Virginia Beach, if only it didn't have such dark people in't.
Posted by: imp336 on January 13, 2010 at 6:11 PM | PERMALINK
And what really made Haiti what it is today is the enthusiastic support the U.S. for the Duvalier regimes between 1957 and 1986. Nice going!
Posted by: g on January 13, 2010 at 6:13 PM | PERMALINK
Pat (Diamond Mine) Roberton is an evangelist, not a reverend, pastor, or any other religious credentials since 1987.
What he is is a salesman of some note. His net worth is quoted to be almost a billion, hence his ability to afford that experimental heart surgery.
"Only the prayers of thousands of believing people kept me on this earth," Robertson said in a statement.
Funny, I do believe it was health care and the combined savings of those same people...
Posted by: Not America Anymore on January 13, 2010 at 6:36 PM | PERMALINK
So, ok. Pat Robertson is an asshole, etc. It's been said above by better men and women than I. My question: is this actually a story? Is there a legend that Toussaint sold his country to the devil to win? Of did Pat 'Mr. Betty Bowers' just somehow make this crap up out of whole cloth?
For the record, if Pat's God really just killed a couple of hundred thousand people and condemned millions more to a wretched existence in vengance for something their greatX10 grandparents did, then I would rather spend eternity suffering the fires of damnation than bow my head to such a vicious, vindictive, petty asshole.
Posted by: Northzax on January 13, 2010 at 7:14 PM | PERMALINK
That's "under the HEEL of the French". You really need to get a proofreader.
There actually was a Napoleon the Third, although I think that was probably a lucky guess on Pat's part. And farm subsidies that protect domestic prices for things like rice hurt Haitians as much as anything else, but that's beside the point, I suppose.
Pat Roberston is a wretch, the only reason media sources still carry his remarks is for the controversy and fury they stir up. Remember holocaust denier Ernst Zundel? Exhibit A. Nobody really believed anything he said beyond a few skinheads and neo-Nazis, but everybody sure liked to fantasize about him burning alive.
[corrected, thanks - mod.]
Posted by: Mark on January 13, 2010 at 7:40 PM | PERMALINK
Pat Robertson a Christian? Who'd ever know that by what comes out of his mouth?
"There, but for the Grace of God, go I"
Posted by: susanna on January 13, 2010 at 8:35 PM | PERMALINK
Maybe wretched Robertson meant, Napoleon the Pig from Animal Farm? N3 didn't take power in France until ca. 1850. What a wretched little turd Robertson is, like so many popular (!) right-wing figures.
Posted by: neil b, on January 13, 2010 at 8:46 PM | PERMALINK
"Is there a legend that Toussaint sold his country to the devil to win?"
Yes -- only not Toussaint. There was an early leader of their struggle as slaves to be free, who was known as the Book Man, because he could read. He is said to have led the slaves who were fighting for their freedom in a prayer for liberty.
Bearing in mind that the words of his prayer were written and hpassed down by those who killed the Book Man and those who fought for freedom with him, it is hard not to read what it actually says as a call for divine justice on those who kidnapped people from Africa and dragged them in chains to places like Haiti, where they would be worked to death.
No wonder that Robertson, son of a white supremacist Senator, would want to tell the story as Haiti selling itself to the devil for freedom.
http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Boukman
Posted by: theAmericanist on January 13, 2010 at 9:03 PM | PERMALINK
Huh. I thought Pat Robertson was dead. Guess I was only partly wrong. He's dead inside.
Posted by: stinger on January 13, 2010 at 10:50 PM | PERMALINK
Good luck, Virginians. You made your bed and now you have to sleep in it.
(I heart aphorisms)
Posted by: Cal Gal on January 13, 2010 at 11:06 PM | PERMALINK
Sorry, Cal Gal; when I made my bed, Robertson wasn't in it. And, last I looked he still isn't. I don't see how you can blame the a-hole on all Virginians; it's not as if we elected him. Now, if you were to blame us for his best buddy, the Taliban Bob McDonnell...
Posted by: exlibra on January 13, 2010 at 11:54 PM | PERMALINK
Perhaps there's something wrong with me but I find that ascribing human causes to natural phenomena like earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, etc so implausible that I would call those who hold such beliefs delusional to the point of insanity.
Posted by: B Rosner on January 14, 2010 at 4:30 AM | PERMALINK
Keith Olbermann nails it:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-PEaWUduCM
Posted by: chrenson on January 14, 2010 at 8:54 AM | PERMALINK
So asking for divine justice against those who would enslave other humans must be devil worship, but gloating that natural disasters "punishing" the formerly enslaved is being God's cheerleader. Because God loves white people, hates black people and loves slavery. Are there adjectives bad enough to describe this guy?
Here's an interesting story discussing how the reparations demanded by France -- er, God -- helped keep Haiti in poverty for 150 years.
Posted by: Alex on January 14, 2010 at 8:57 AM | PERMALINK
BLAME THE VICTIM!!!
Posted by: Rose Hunter on January 14, 2010 at 9:34 AM | PERMALINK
how is he able to quote the devil? was he there?
Posted by: Andrew on January 14, 2010 at 4:09 PM | PERMALINK