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April 2000

Inventing Al Gore: A Biography By Bill Turque Houghton Mifflin Click on the title to buy the book

Bill Clinton may not, as Al Gore defiantly declared during the impeachment process, be one of the "greatest" American presidents, but he is certainly the most successful Democratic one since Harry Truman. John F. Kennedy was tragically murdered before he could realize his vision of a New Frontier. Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency ended in the jungles of Vietnam. Jimmy Carter was knee-capped by the economy and the storming of the American embassy in Iran.

Today, the situation could not be more different. Crime and inflation are down, while employment is up. The stock market is booming. Welfare is at a historic low. The budget has been balanced. As the economy continues to surge and American preeminence remains unchallenged abroad, Clinton's key role in transforming the United States is starting to become appreciated among the more perceptive members of the right. In the National Review, for instance, Norman Podhoretz marveled at how Clinton has moved the Democratic party back to the center, thereby condemning the GOP to impotence. Podhoretz correctly noted that Clinton has turned the old McGovern wing into a rump faction by embracing everything from a balanced budget to welfare reform to school uniforms. Likewise, in foreign affairs, Clinton has not been averse to using military power to forward Wilsonian goals, while the GOP returns to older isolationist impulses. At the same time, Clinton has profited immensely from the nature of his domestic enemies: A key turning point in the fortunes of the GOP was the impeachment hearings, where the social conservatives spun out of control. The current battles among conservatives over John McCain and George W. Bush and the role of the religious right are stage two of a meltdown created by the successes of the Clinton presidency.

But if Clinton has set the stage for American prosperity, no one might do more to solidify his legacy than Al Gore. In Inventing Al Gore, Bill Turque, a veteran Newsweek reporter, closely examines the vice president's life and political odyssey. As the son of Senator Albert Gore, Al was always in the political arena. Turque deftly explores his relationship with his parents, his undergraduate years at Harvard, his brief stint in Vietnam, his service in the House and Senate, and his vice-presidency. Turque has conducted numerous interviews and dug deeply into Gore's record. The result is the most substantial and illuminating biography of Gore to appear.

And yet, for all his legwork, Turque falls into the trap of trying to expose character flaws and hypocrisy in Gore. Clinton's personal foibles, coupled with the tabloidization of the media, have apparently made sensationalistic revelations a must for reporters who are pushed by their editors to substitute tawdry details for analysis. In the case of the rectitudinous Gore, however, this method is a little like searching for the hidden scholar in Dan Quayle. To be sure, Turque does provide some interesting information on the Gore family's dealings with the crooked tycoon Armand Hammer. But that isn't what has caused a bit of a stir: Turque's book has received pre-publicity for its "revelation" that, according to a somewhat dubious former friend of Gore's, the vice president was a heavier pot-smoker than he had previously let on. My, my. This is supposed to be shocking? If true, does it render Gore unfit to be president? Turque does not say.

Similarly, Turque tries to make heavy weather out of Gore's visit to the Buddhist temple, his claim that he invented the Internet, and his champagne toast to Chinese leader Li Peng. These acts, Turque says, "tether him even more securely to all that the country wishes to forget about the Clinton years." Not only is it unclear just what the country wishes to forget about the Clinton years, but Turque's insinuations about Gore fail to make a dent. Gore is hardly beyond reproach, but his missteps did not amount to serious offenses. Indeed, it would be a pity if Turque's seemingly obligatory sniping were to obscure the Gore who emerges from this dogged research---a moderate Democrat who, far from reinventing himself, has consistently recognized the importance of technology, the environment, and globalization.

As Turque notes, Gore inherited his interest in these issues from his father. Decisively shaped by his hardscrabble years in Tennessee, Albert Gore Sr. was a New Deal Democrat who saw how big-government projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority could help the little guy. He was a classic Southern Democrat who never veered to the far left, but did push for civil rights, opposed the Vietnam War, and worked to curb the arms race. It's easy to poke fun at his flowery rhetoric, as Turque does, but contrasted with the politically retrograde blow-dried mannequins who people the Senate today, Albert Sr. comes off looking pretty good.

Where Turque shines is in showing the influence that both Gore's mother, as well as his father, had upon him. Gore's mother was the driving force in the family, a classic no-nonsense Southern woman who pushed her husband and son to excel in politics. She played a big part in her husband's congressional and senatorial campaigns, and "when Gore ran his first congressional race in 1976, Pauline was a critical behind-the-scenes player, working her own intricate network of contacts and acquaintances to jump-start her son's candidacy."

Albert Sr., Turque shows, was intent from the outset on turning his son into presidential timber, and even made sure his birth was announced on the front-page of The Tennessean. "The public truth of Al Gore's childhood," writes Turque, "was that he lived in a world of privilege and material advantage, created by two striving children of the Depression who endowed him with an immense self-assurance and sense of mission. The personal truth is that those same parental gifts exacted a steep emotional cost."

But the latter assertion may be something of a cliche. Gore seems to have enjoyed himself at St. Albans, and he flourished at Harvard. In the tumultuous '60s, Gore stuck out as a man of Southern reserve but his cool head kept him from lurching into any kind of infantile leftism. One key experience was meeting Harvard instructor Martin Peretz, later publisher of The New Republic, under whose influence Gore became chairman of Tennessee Youth for Eugene McCarthy. According to Turque, "Peretz saw in Gore some of the same aversion to dogma and doctrine that would lead to his own estrangement from the left before the end of the antiwar movement." As an adviser to Gore, Peretz has shaped many of Gore's tough stances on foreign policy, and would undoubtedly play a major role in a Gore administration as a member of his kitchen cabinet.

Gore was almost the only member the Harvard class of 1969 to join the army. He also volunteered to go to Vietnam. Why? According to Turque, "Gore's motivations were a mix of familial obligation and personal ambition, and shipping out was the last full measure of devotion to the senator's cause." His father was embroiled at the time in a vicious fight with Republican candidate William Brock for re-election to the Senate. Brock ran a smear campaign, a prototype of later Republican efforts. "Bill Brock Believes in the Things We Believe In," Brock's ads stated, a coded appeal to white resentment against blacks. Gore's father lost. Al never forgot the defeat---a reason, though Turque does not mention it, for his present toughness on the campaign trail.

Back from Vietnam, Gore went to divinity school and worked as a local reporter. He was determined to do good, but, in his own recollection, became frustrated by the limitations of newspaper stories. He didn't just want to report news; he wanted to make it. In 1976 he won a House seat. Even though he was finally following the career his father had chosen for him, he refused to allow his father to play an active role in the race, for fear that he would be tagged a raging liberal. The presidency was never far from his mind: His father declared that Al was "starting out one year earlier than I did, so maybe that means he'll go one step farther." Turque astutely observes that the 28-year-old Gore was quite conscious about not appearing too much the whipper-snapper: He began to part his hair down the side, not the middle, and stuck to the blue suit, white shirt, and red tie which became his "campaign uniform." Gore also was careful not to run the risk of appearing too much the liberal, like his father. He declared that homosexuality was "abnormal," opposed additional gun-registration laws, and supported the Hyde amendment barring federal assistance in ending pregnancies that resulted from rape or incest.

Gore's big issues, of course, were the environment and the arms race. But he was careful never to go too far. When one environmentalist challenged him to oppose a pork-barrel dam in Tennessee, Gore was unmoved. "What do you want me to do?" he replied. "Commit political suicide?" Gore also assembled the staff that would form the backbone of his run for the presidency in 2000. He became pals with Tom Downey, then a congressman, now a big fund-raiser for Gore, as well as Peter Knight, also a fund-raiser. On foreign policy, the most important aide he had was Leon Fuerth, a former pilot and Foreign Service officer who tutored him on nuclear policy. Gore made a name for himself by trying to reach a compromise between the unilateral disarmers in the Democratic Party and the hawks in the Reagan administration who wanted to squander vast sums on an MX missile. Gore came up with a compromise called the midgetman. In the end, it all proved moot when Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to even more sweeping arms-control concessions than had been thought possible.

In 1984, Gore won back his old man's seat in the Senate. When he was sworn in, Turque reports, Albert Sr. told Martin Peretz, "This is the beginning." Gore became even more driven. "His hair got shorter," says Turque, "his suits even more conservative, and his tolerance for imperfect staff work sank to zero... the House years had been a dress rehearsal for a bigger production that had just begun." After a disastrous run for the presidency in 1988, Gore signed on with Clinton in 1992. Turque believes the two men complement each other: "where Clinton's lies have been those of self-protection and survival, Gore's have by and large been ones of self-aggrandizement and glorification." Though Turque thinks that Gore's are lesser transgressions, putting it this way actually makes them sound worse. But although inexpedient, it's not clear that gilding the lily as Gore has done is really all that different from what most politicians try to pull off when boasting of their accomplishments.

Turque is at his most interesting in discussing Gore's deep distrust of the advisers Clinton had clustered around him. Gore saw them as loose-lipped and disloyal, which has turned out to be pretty much right. Gore was also exasperated by the administration's early fecklessness on foreign policy. According to Turque, he pushed Clinton to launch a retaliatory attack against Baghdad for trying to assassinate George Bush when he visited Kuwait and also took a tough line on the Balkans. Perhaps Gore's most significant efforts have come with establishment of bilateral commissions with Ukraine and Russia. "Gore's diplomacy persuaded Ukrainian officials to return to Russia the remnants of the nuclear missile arsenal in its possession." On domestic policy, Gore was crucial in getting Clinton to sign on to welfare reform and he pushed for the "reinvention of government" which, while not an unqualified success, resulted in the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994.

As president, Gore would be in a position to pursue the policies already laid out by the Clinton administration. While he does not possess Clinton's rhetorical skills, he will be a much harder target for the right to assail. Now that the attempt to destroy Clinton has sputtered out and Gore looks like he may well win the presidency, conservatives will realize that in part they really were right. Clinton was a devilish opponent. He has positioned the Democrats to control the White House for another eight .